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A second release of Windows Server based on Windows 7, Windows Server R2 , was released to manufacturing on July 22, [55] and became generally available on October 22, It is the first server operating system by Microsoft to exclusively support bit processors, a move which was followed by the consumer-oriented Windows 11 in Windows Server supports the following maximum hardware specifications: [61] [62] [63].
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Server operating system by Microsoft released in Screenshot of Windows Server showing the Server Manager application which is automatically opened when an administrator logs on.
Closed-source Source-available through Shared Source Initiative. See also: Features new to Windows Vista. Main article: Microsoft Cluster Server. Main article: Hyper-V. Main article: Windows System Resource Manager.
See also: Features removed from Windows Vista. Main article: Internet Explorer 9. Main article: Windows Server R2. Standard: 4 Enterprise: 8 Datacenter: IA : 32 x64 : News Center.
Redmond, WA : Microsoft. Retrieved Retrieved April 12, January 14, Retrieved January 9, Forward Thinking. Windows Server Division WebLog. It is also commonly referred to as Vista Server. Channel 9. May 24, TechNet Magazine. What is a read-only domain controller RODC? IT Pro. Redmond Developer News. Archived from the original on Retrieved 16 August Microsoft Corporation. Windows Server Technical Library.
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Archived from the original on March 17, Retrieved February 2, In the Initial Run tab, select the Ignition 2. Expand the Authorization option, enter a hashed SHA password, and enter the password again to verify.
This script will run on the virtual machine when it starts. The scripts you enter in this field are custom JSON sections that are added to those produced by the Engine, and allow you to use custom Ignition instructions. When you use an Ignition script, the script instructions take precedence over and override any conflicting Ignition settings you configured in the UI.
Click Compute Virtual Machines and select a virtual machine with a status of Down. The Status of the virtual machine changes to Up , and the operating system installation begins. Open a console to the virtual machine if one does not open automatically. A virtual machine will not start on a host with an overloaded CPU. See Scheduling Policies in the Administration Guide for more information.
Make sure that hard disk is selected in the boot sequence, and the disk that the virtual machine is booting from must be set as Bootable. Create a new virtual machine with a local boot disk managed by oVirt that contains the OS and application binaries.
To resolve this issue:. To allow other users to connect to the VM, make sure you shutdown and restart the virtual machine when you are finished using the console. Alternatively, the administrator can Disable strict user checking to eliminate the need for reboot between users. Install Remote Viewer if it is not already installed. See Installing Console Components. Click Compute Virtual Machines and select a virtual machine. Click Console. By default, the browser prompts you to download a file named console.
When you click to open the file, a console window opens for the virtual machine. You can configure your browser to automatically open these files, such that clicking Console simply opens the console. If more than seconds elapse between the time the file is downloaded and the time that you open the file, click Console again. Automatically connecting to a Virtual Machine.
The Engine acts as a proxy for the connection, provides information about virtual machine placement, and stores the authentication keys. You can access serial consoles for only those virtual machines for which you have appropriate permissions. To access the serial console of a virtual machine, the user must have UserVmManager , SuperUser , or UserInstanceManager permission on that virtual machine.
These permissions must be explicitly defined for each user. It is not enough to assign these permissions to Everyone. The serial console is accessed through TCP port on the Engine. This port is opened during engine-setup on new installations. Rule "M3" for the Engine firewall. Rule "H2" for the host firewall. The serial console relies on the ovirt-vmconsole package and the ovirt-vmconsole-proxy on the Engine and the ovirt-vmconsole package and the ovirt-vmconsole-host package on the hosts.
These packages are installed by default on new installations. To install the packages on existing installations, reinstall the hosts. Do not duplicate them. On the client machine from which you are accessing the virtual machine serial console, generate an SSH key pair. In the Administration Portal or the VM Portal, click the name of the signed-in user on the header bar and click Options. This opens the Edit Options window. If a single virtual machine is available, this command connects the user to that virtual machine:.
If more than one virtual machine is available, this command lists the available virtual machines and their IDs:. If the serial console session is disconnected abnormally, a TCP timeout occurs. Once you have logged in, you can automatically connect to a single running virtual machine. This can be configured in the VM Portal. Click the pencil icon beside Console and set Connect automatically to ON.
The next time you log into the VM Portal, if you have only one running virtual machine, you will automatically connect to that machine. To install packages signed by Red Hat you must register the target system to the Content Delivery Network.
Then, use an entitlement from your subscription pool and enable the required repositories. Register your system with the Content Delivery Network, entering your Customer Portal user name and password when prompted:. When a system is attached to a subscription pool with multiple repositories, only the main repository is enabled by default. Others are available, but disabled. Enable any additional repositories:.
For versions of Enterprise Linux earlier than 8, use the command yum update instead of dnf upgrade :. See also Cannot perform yum update on my RHV manager ansible conflict.
The oVirt guest agents, tools, and drivers provide additional functionality for virtual machines, such as gracefully shutting down or rebooting virtual machines from the VM Portal and Administration Portal. The tools and agents also provide information for virtual machines, including:.
The guest agents, tools and drivers are distributed as an ISO file that you can attach to virtual machines. You need to install the guest agents and drivers on a virtual machine to enable this functionality for that machine. Paravirtualized network driver provides enhanced performance over emulated devices like rtl.
The driver complements the software implementation of the virtio-device used by the host to play the role of a hardware device. In particular, this driver supports adding hundreds of devices, and names devices using the standard SCSI device naming scheme. Virtio-serial provides support for multiple serial ports. The improved performance is used for fast communication between the virtual machine and the host that avoids network complications.
This fast communication is required for the guest agents and for other features such as clipboard copy-paste between the virtual machine and the host and logging. Virtio-balloon is used to control the amount of memory a virtual machine actually accesses. It offers improved memory overcommitment. A paravirtualized display driver reduces CPU usage on the host and provides better performance through reduced network bandwidth on most workloads. Used instead of ovirt-guest-agent-common on Enterprise Linux 8 virtual machines.
It is installed and enabled by default. The SPICE agent supports multiple monitors and is responsible for client-mouse-mode support to provide a better user experience and improved responsiveness than the QEMU emulation. Cursor capture is not needed in client-mouse-mode. The SPICE agent reduces bandwidth usage when used over a wide area network by reducing the display level, including color depth, disabling wallpaper, font smoothing, and animation. The SPICE agent enables clipboard support allowing cut and paste operations for both text and images between client and virtual machine, and automatic guest display setting according to client-side settings.
Enterprise Linux 8 virtual machines use the qemu-guest-agent service, which is installed and enabled by default, instead of the ovirt-guest-agent service. If you need to manually install the guest agent on RHEL 8, follow the procedure below.
The guest agent now passes usage information to the oVirt Engine. Attach the Windows guest tools CD to the virtual machine so that VirtIO-optimized device drivers can be installed during the operating system installation.
Install a Windows operating system on the virtual machine. During the installation, install guest agents and drivers for additional virtual machine functionality. When all of these steps are complete, the new virtual machine is functional and ready to perform tasks. You can change the default virtual machine name length with the engine-config tool.
Run the following command on the Engine machine:. These drivers provide a performance improvement over emulated device drivers. The ISO storage domain type is deprecated. Click Run Run Once.
Configure other Run Once options as required. See Virtual Machine Run Once settings explained for more details. Click OK. The status of the virtual machine changes to Up , and the operating system installation begins.
Open a console to the virtual machine if one does not open automatically during the Windows installation. When prompted to select a drive onto which you want to install Windows, click Load driver and OK. Under Select the driver to install , select the appropriate driver for the version of Windows. To install the guest agents, tools, and drivers on a Windows virtual machine, complete the following steps:.
You can complete the installation with either the GUI or the command line. When installation is complete, select Yes, I want to restart my computer now and click Finish to apply the changes. For example, to run the installation when virtio-win-gt-x After installation completes, the guest agents and drivers pass usage information to the oVirt Engine and enable you to access USB devices and other functionality.
When installing virtio-win-gt-x Other values are listed in the following tables. Controls the amount of memory a virtual machine actually accesses. Supports multiple monitors, responsible for client-mouse-mode support, reduces bandwidth usage, enables clipboard support between client and virtual machine, provide a better user experience and improved responsiveness.
Updating the Guest Agents and Drivers on Windows. Windows Installer. Command-Line Options for the Windows installer. Property Reference for the Windows installer. This file contains default values such as os. Configuring the sysprep path for a Windows virtual machine for example, os.
Do not edit the actual defaults. Changes will be overwritten if you upgrade or restore the Engine. Do not change values that come directly from the operating system or the Engine, such as maximum memory size. For example, productkeys. The last file in the file list has precedence over earlier files. Configuring single sign-on, also known as password delegation, allows you to automatically log in to a virtual machine using the credentials you use to log in to the VM Portal.
Single sign-on can be used on both Enterprise Linux and Windows virtual machines. If single sign-on to the VM Portal is enabled, single sign-on to virtual machines will not be possible.
With single sign-on to the VM Portal enabled, the VM Portal does not need to accept a password, thus the password cannot be delegated to sign in to virtual machines.
To configure single sign-on for Enterprise Linux virtual machines using GNOME and KDE graphical desktop environments and IPA IdM servers, you must install the ovirt-guest-agent package on the virtual machine and install the packages associated with your window manager.
Single sign-on with IPA IdM is deprecated for virtual machines running Enterprise Linux version 7 or earlier and unsupported for virtual machines running Enterprise Linux 8 or Windows operating systems. Run the following command and follow the prompts to configure ipa-client and join the virtual machine to the domain:. Enterprise Linux 7. This command ensures that single sign-on works. Log in to the VM Portal using the user name and password of a user configured to use single sign-on and connect to the console of the virtual machine.
You will be logged in automatically. To configure single sign-on for Windows virtual machines, the Windows guest agent must be installed on the guest virtual machine.
The virtio-win ISO image provides this agent. After the tools have been installed, you will be prompted to restart the machine to apply the changes. USB redirection can be manually enabled each time a device is plugged in or set to automatically redirect to active virtual machines in the Console Options window. Note the distinction between the client machine and guest machine. The client is the hardware from which you access a guest.
The guest is the virtual desktop or virtual server which is accessed through the VM Portal or Administration Portal. Virtual guest machines require no guest-installed agents or drivers for native USB. On Enterprise Linux clients, all packages required for USB redirection are provided by the virt-viewer package. On Windows clients, you must also install the usbdk package. Enabled USB mode is supported on the following clients and guests:.
If you have a bit architecture PC, you must use the bit version of Internet Explorer to install the bit version of the USB driver. The USB redirection will not work if you install the bit version on a bit architecture. As long as you initially install the correct USB type, you can access USB redirection from both and bit browsers.
The usbdk driver must be installed on the Windows client for the USB device to be redirected to the guest. Ensure the version of usbdk matches the architecture of the client machine. For example, the bit version of usbdk must be installed on bit Windows machines. Click Console Console Options. Start the virtual machine from the VM Portal and click Console to connect to that virtual machine.
Plug your USB device into the client machine to make it appear automatically on the guest machine. This opens the Edit Virtual Machine window. A maximum of four displays can be configured for a single Enterprise Linux virtual machine when connecting to the virtual machine using the SPICE protocol.
If no other displays are enabled, disabling this display will close the session. A maximum of four displays can be configured for a single Windows virtual machine when connecting to the virtual machine using the SPICE protocol. This setting controls the maximum number of displays that can be enabled for the virtual machine. While the virtual machine is running, additional displays can be enabled up to this number.
Connection protocols are the underlying technology used to provide graphical consoles for virtual machines and allow users to work with virtual machines in a similar way as they would with physical machines. Remote Desktop Protocol RDP can only be used to open consoles to Windows virtual machines, and is only available when you access a virtual machines from a Windows machine on which Remote Desktop has been installed.
Before you can connect to a Windows virtual machine using RDP, you must set up remote sharing on the virtual machine and configure the firewall to allow remote desktop connections. You can configure several options for opening graphical consoles for virtual machines in the Administration Portal.
Click Compute Virtual Machines and select a running virtual machine. You can configure the connection protocols and video type in the Console tab of the Edit Virtual Machine window in the Administration Portal.
Additional options specific to each of the connection protocols, such as the keyboard layout when using the VNC connection protocol, can be configured. See Virtual Machine Console settings explained for more information. If this option is not selected, USB devices will connect to the client machine instead of the guest virtual machine. Open in Full Screen : Select this check box for the virtual machine console to automatically open in full screen when you connect to the virtual machine.
When the VNC connection protocol is selected, the following options are available in the Console Options window. Native Client : When you connect to the console of the virtual machine, a file download dialog provides you with a file that opens a console to the virtual machine via Remote Viewer. When the RDP connection protocol is selected, the following options are available in the Console Options window.
Native client : When you connect to the console of the virtual machine, a file download dialog provides you with a file that opens a console to the virtual machine via Remote Desktop. Use Local Drives : Select this check box to make the drives on the client machine accessible on the guest virtual machine. When you specify the Native client console invocation option, you will connect to virtual machines using Remote Viewer.
The Remote Viewer window provides a number of options for interacting with the virtual machine to which it is connected. Screenshot : Takes a screen capture of the active window and saves it in a location of your specification. Quit : Closes the console. Full screen : Toggles full screen mode on or off. When enabled, full screen mode expands the virtual machine to fill the entire screen.
When disabled, the virtual machine is displayed as a window. Zoom : Zooms in and out of the console window. Automatically resize : Select to enable the guest resolution to automatically scale according to the size of the console window.
Displays : Allows users to enable and disable displays for the guest virtual machine. On a Windows virtual machine, it displays the task manager or Windows Security dialog. On a Windows virtual machine, it does nothing. Printscreen : Passes the Printscreen keyboard option to the virtual machine. The About entry displays the version details of Virtual Machine Viewer that you are using. You can access the hotkeys for a virtual machine in both full screen mode and windowed mode.
If you are using full screen mode, you can display the menu containing the button for hotkeys by moving the mouse pointer to the middle of the top of the screen. If you are using windowed mode, you can access the hotkeys via the Send key menu on the virtual machine window title bar. If vdagent is not running on the client machine, the mouse can become captured in a virtual machine window if it is used inside a virtual machine and the virtual machine is not in full screen.
If you are prompted to download a console. In the VM Portal, click the virtual machine name and click the pencil icon beside Console. Change the console invocation method to Native client and click OK. Attempt to open a console to the virtual machine, then click Save when prompted to open or save the console. Double-click the console. In the Open with window, select Always use the selected program to open this kind of file and click the Browse button. When you use the native client console invocation option to open a console to a virtual machine, Remote Viewer will automatically use the console.
Select an action from the Watchdog Action drop-down list. This is the action that the virtual machine takes when the watchdog is triggered. To activate a watchdog card attached to a virtual machine, you must install the watchdog package on that virtual machine and start the watchdog service. Confirm that a watchdog card has been attached to a virtual machine and that the watchdog service is active. This procedure is provided for testing the functionality of watchdogs only and must not be run on production machines.
The watchdog timer can no longer be reset, so the watchdog counter reaches zero after a short period of time. When the watchdog counter reaches zero, the action specified in the Watchdog Action drop-down menu for that virtual machine is performed.
To configure an option, you must uncomment that option and restart the watchdog service after saving the changes. For a more detailed explanation of options for configuring the watchdog service and using the watchdog command, see the watchdog man page. An IP address that the watchdog attempts to ping to verify whether that address is reachable. You can specify multiple IP addresses by adding additional ping lines. A network interface that the watchdog will monitor to verify the presence of network traffic.
You can specify multiple network interfaces by adding additional interface lines. A file on the local system that the watchdog will monitor for changes. You can specify multiple files by adding additional file lines. The number of watchdog intervals after which the watchdog checks for changes to files.
A change line must be specified on the line directly after each file line, and applies to the file line directly above that change line. The maximum average load that the virtual machine can sustain over a one-minute period.
If this average is exceeded, then the watchdog is triggered. A value of 0 disables this feature. The maximum average load that the virtual machine can sustain over a five-minute period. By default, the value of this variable is set to a value approximately three quarters that of max-load The maximum average load that the virtual machine can sustain over a fifteen-minute period. By default, the value of this variable is set to a value approximately one half that of max-load The minimum amount of virtual memory that must remain free on the virtual machine.
This value is measured in pages. The path and file name of a binary file on the local system that will be run when the watchdog is triggered. If the specified file resolves the issues preventing the watchdog from resetting the watchdog counter, then the watchdog action is not triggered.
The path and file name of a binary file on the local system that the watchdog will attempt to run during each interval. A test binary allows you to specify a file for running user-defined tests. The time limit, in seconds, for which user-defined tests can run. A value of 0 allows user-defined tests to continue for an unlimited duration. The path to and name of a device for checking the temperature of the machine on which the watchdog service is running. The maximum allowed temperature for the machine on which the watchdog service is running.
The machine will be halted if this temperature is reached. Unit conversion is not taken into account, so you must specify a value that matches the watchdog card being used. The interval, in seconds, between updates to the watchdog device. The watchdog device expects an update at least once every minute, and if there are no updates over a one-minute period, then the watchdog is triggered.
This one-minute period is hard-coded into the drivers for the watchdog device, and cannot be configured. When verbose logging is enabled for the watchdog service, the watchdog service periodically writes log messages to the local system. The logtick value represents the number of watchdog intervals after which a message is written.
Specifies whether the watchdog is locked in memory. A value of yes locks the watchdog in memory so that it is not swapped out of memory, while a value of no allows the watchdog to be swapped out of memory.
If the watchdog is swapped out of memory and is not swapped back in before the watchdog counter reaches zero, then the watchdog is triggered. The schedule priority when the value of realtime is set to yes. The path and file name of a PID file that the watchdog monitors to see if the corresponding process is still active. If the corresponding process is not active, then the watchdog is triggered. As a result, the resources backing a large virtual machine that cannot fit within a single host socket could be spread out across multiple NUMA nodes.
Over time these resources may be moved around, leading to poor and unpredictable performance. Configure and pin virtual NUMA nodes to avoid this outcome and improve performance. To confirm whether NUMA is enabled on a host, log in to the host and run numactl --hardware. The output of this command should show at least two NUMA nodes. This button is only available when the selected host has at least two NUMA nodes.
Select the Specific Host s radio button and select the host s from the list. The selected host s must have at least two NUMA nodes. In the Administration Portal, you can configure a virtual machine to display the available errata. The virtual machine needs to be associated with a Red Hat Satellite server to show available errata. The Engine and any virtual machines on which you want to view errata must all be registered in the Satellite server by their respective FQDNs.
This ensures that external content host IDs do not need to be maintained in oVirt. The host that the virtual machine runs on also needs to be configured to receive errata information from Satellite. According to the current Microsoft prices, it is worth to buy the Windows Server Datacenter edition if you are going to run 14 or more virtual machines on one physical host.
If you use virtualization on your physical server with Windows Server , you can use the host OS only to maintain and manage the Hyper-V role and virtual machines. You cannot install Windows Server on a physical server, run two VMs on it and get three full-fledged Windows server instances for your tasks.
Software Assurance SA provides the right to transfer the product license between physical hosts for most Microsoft server products. But Windows Server is an exception to this rule. According to the licensing agreement, the license can be migrated between the hosts once in 90 days. How to license a virtualization farm, in which VMs can move between hypervisors host OSs?
In this scenario, you will have to buy that number of licenses for each physical server covering the maximum number of virtual machines that can be run on it at any time including the high availability scenarios when all virtual machines of the farm are moved to the one of the hosts.
In the case of the Datacenter edition, one set of licenses will be sufficient for each physical host, covering all cores in the minimum configuration, 8 Datacenter dual-core licenses. Since this license allows you to run an unlimited number of VMs. Therefore, you should choose the Windows Server license depending on the maximum number of VMs on a single host. Below are some examples of calculating Windows Server licenses for physical hosts when using virtualization.
Example 1. There is a Hyper-V cluster of 5 hosts. Each server has 2 processors with 20 cores. Each will run 10 virtual machines.
Because 5 servers are united into HA Hyper-V cluster, which means that up to 50 virtual machines can be running potentially on each host during VM migration failover. Accordingly, it is more profitable to purchase the Datacenter licenses.
Example 2.
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